“Marxism is the opium of the intellectuals.”

- Edmund Wilson

I have purposely avoided all appeals to sentiment and to “the spirit of the age,” and based my arguments mainly on the Word of God. Where texts have been interpreted contrary to the generally received meaning, reasons have been given, which, I trust, will be found satisfactory. I have endeavored to make everything plain.

I ask as a special favor of those who have decided not to agree with the position I have taken that they will read before they condemn. The subject is worthy of patient and prayerful investigation.

I have no misgivings as to the truth of what I have written, nor evil forebodings of the consequences that will result if the views herein advocated come to be generally received. I only ask that truth may prevail, Christ be glorified, and His Kingdom be advanced on earth.

Woman was created, not as the servant of man, but as his companion, his equal. “And the Lord God said: It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him.” –Gen. 2:18

Dr. Adam Clarke, in his comment on the verse, says: “I will make him a help meet for him; ezer kenegedo, a help, a counterpart, of himself, one formed from him, and a perfect resemblance of his person. If the word be rendered scrupulously literally, it signifies one like, or as himself, standing opposite to or before him. And this implies that the woman was to be a perfect resemblance of the man, possessing neither inferiority nor superiority, but being in all things like and equal to himself.”

The dominion which God gave to man at the creation was a joint dominion. It was given to the woman equally as to the man.

Nothing was said of the subjection of woman before the fall. After that sad event, it was said to the woman, as a part of her punishment: “Thy desire shall be to thy husband and he shall rule over thee.” – Gen. 3:16.

In all that we have heard and read against the right of woman to be, in the fullest sense, a minister of the Gospel, we have never heard or read a single quotation from the words of Jesus against this right. This is significant. Christ applied the same rules of moral conduct to the woman as to the man. His treatment of the woman taken in adultery has scarcely a parallel. No woman ever came to him to be repulsed.

But, it is said, if women are to preach, why did he not choose a woman among the twelve?

We ask, in reply, if gentiles are to preach, why did he not choose a gentile among the twelve? Why were the twelve Jews, every one of them? The example is as binding in the one case as the other.

But, it is answered, Paul settles the question. “There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female; for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.” -Gal. 3:28. It is contrary to all sound principles of interpretation to say that this passage accords to a Greek the same rights in the Gospel that it does to a Jew, in one sense, and to a woman the same rights that it does to a man, in another, and much more restricted sense.

If this gives to men of all nations the right to become ministers of the Gospel, it gives to women precisely the same right.

Make this the KEY TEXT upon this subject, and give to other passages such a construction as will make them agree with it, and all is harmony. The apparent conflict is at an end. The fetters are taken off from woman, and she is left free to serve Christ in any position she may be qualified and called to fill. Why should not this be done?

It is objected, in the strong, clear language of one minister: “In what are male and female one in Christ Jesus? Certainly not in every respect. There is nothing in the context by which you can come to the conclusion that Paul is here laying down an abstract principle, applicable outside the limits of the subject under discussion. Now what is that subject: Is it not the one that runs through the entire epistle and especially through the chapter of which the verse in question forms a part: viz: That all men, Jews and Gentiles alike, are saved by faith, and not by the work of the law according to the covenant God made with Abraham. From first to last there is no other subject introduced or considered in this chapter. And therefore fairness of interpretation requires us to understand the teaching of the 28th verse to be simply this: In the matter of salvation all are one. The male is saved by faith. The female is saved by faith. The Jew is saved by faith and also the Greek. Likewise the bondman and the freeman. In this respect, all are one, being baptized into Jesus Christ, they become equally children of God, saved by faith alone. To carry this idea of oneness further is to bring into the text what is not there, and add to the inspired word.”

To this objection we reply:

1. If this verse referred only to salvation by faith, the female would not be specified. It would be a superfluity. In the many offers of salvation made in the New Testament, woman is not specially mentioned. Not once. ‘He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved’ includes woman as well as man. Everyone so understood it. There was no dispute about it. So, in the first prayer meeting, it appears the women went ahead. ‘These all continued, with one accord, in prayer and supplication with the women.’ -Acts 1:14 Women believed in Christ. ‘And believers were the more added to the Lord multitudes, both of men and women.’ -Acts 5:14. They were so active in his cause as to provoke persecution. ‘Saul, haling men and women committed them, to prison.’ -Acts 8:3. Though, in the Jewish church, the males only received the sign of the covenant, yet in the Christian church women were, from the first, baptized ‘They were baptized, both men and women.’ -Acts 8:12. Yet there is no specific command to baptize women, nor any separate offer of salvation to them. So, if Gal. 3:28 referred to salvation alone, the female would not have been mentioned in it. The ‘Greek’ and the ‘bond’ might have been mentioned with propriety. For it took a miracle to convince Peter that a Greek, or Gentile, could be saved by Christ. But it would have stopped with them. All regarded women as included in the general provisions of the Gospel for the salvation of mankind.

So we must give this verse its full, natural, comprehensive, broad meaning. We must understand it to teach, as it actually does, the perfect equality of all, under the Gospel, in rights and privileges, without respect to nationality, or condition, or sex.

2. There are two correct modes of reasoning:
(1.) From particulars to deduce a general truth.
(2.) From a general, admitted truth, or axiom, make an application to particulars.

The apostle here adopts the first method. He shows that Abraham was justified by faith; that the Mosaic law was temporary, to last only till Christ came; that all who have faith in Christ become the children of God.

Then he makes two general statements—

1. That in Christ Jesus all peculiar privileges based on nationality, or condition, or sex are abolished. In the Gospel one nation has the same rights and privileges as another, the bond the same as the free, the female the same as the male.

2. That all, without distinction, who believe in Christ, are the children of Abraham and heirs according to the promise.

With this agrees Dr. Adam Clarke in his comment on this verse:

Neither male nor female. With great reason the apostle introduces this. Between the privileges of men and women there was a great disparity among the Jews. A man might shave his head, and rend his clothes in the time of mourning; a woman was not permitted to do so. A man might impose the vow of nasirate upon his son; a woman could not do this on her daughter. A man might be shorn on account of the nasirate of his father; a woman could not. A man might betroth his daughter; a woman had no such power. A man might sell his daughter; a woman could not. In many cases they were treated more like children than adults; and to this day are not permitted to assemble with the men in the synagogues, but are put up in galleries, where they can scarcely see, nor can they be seen. Under the blessed spirit of Christianity they have equal rights, equal privileges, and equal blessings, and, let me add, they are equally useful.

This is all we contend for. We are in full agreement with these words of the great commentator.

Again, it is urged that Paul in express words forbids women to become ministers of the Gospel. In proof of this, two passages are quoted: ‘Let your women keep silence in the churches; for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience, as also saith the law. And if they will learn anything let them ask their husbands at home; for it is a shame for women to speak in the church.’ -Cor. 14:34, 35.

‘Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence.’ -Tim. 2:11, 12.

1. These are the only passages of the kind in the Bible. There are no others that seem to forbid woman to preach, or to perform all the other duties of a minister of the Gospel.

2. No denomination applies these passages literally. If they did, they would not allow:
(1.) Women to sing in church. For to sing is not to keep silence.
(2.) Nor to pray; for the same reason.
(3.) Nor to testify; for to testify is to speak.
(4.) Nor to teach in the Sabbath school or elsewhere; for the statement is general - I suffer not a woman to teach.
(5.) Nor to write religions books, or religious periodicals; for this is to teach.

Notice; preaching is not specified. It is forbidden only as it is one method of breaking the silence, one mode of teaching. So far, then, all are agreed that these words of Paul are not to be taken literally. The most rigid Presbyterians allow women to sing in the church, and to teach in the Sabbath school.

Madame Guyon, and other holy women among the Roman Catholics, have written religious books, and so have taught.

3. It is evident that Paul did not intend to prohibit women from taking any part in religious service, or even from preaching. For, in this same epistle, he gives directions about their dress when in public congregations they take a part in the exercises, — pray and prophesy — that is, preach.

‘but every woman that prayeth or prophesieth with her head uncovered dishonoreth her head; for that is even all one as if she were shaven.’ -1 Cor. 11:5.

This certainly assumes that she was to pray and prophesy in public.

Then Paul did not require all women to keep silence in the church, in an absolute sense. He did permit some women to teach, for unless they taught how could they edify their hearers? He would have them so dress as not to excite the suspicion that they were not modest women.

Priscilla was a woman. Apollos was an eloquent preacher of the Gospel. But Aquila and Priscilla expounded unto Apollos the way of God more perfectly.

Paul, in his epistles, sent his salutations to several women who labored in the Lord. ‘And I entreat thee also, true yoke-fellow, help those women which labored with me in the Gospel, with Clement, also, and with other my fellow laborers, whose names are in the book of life.’ -Phil. 4:3. The word here translated labored with, is sunethlesan, from sun, together, and athleo, to strive, the word from which is derived our word athletic. It means to strive along with one, on his side, to help vigorously.

Clement was a celebrated minister, the same, it is supposed, who was afterwards bishop of Rome. These women gave Paul the same assistance that Clement did.

‘Greet Priscilla and Aquila, my helpers in Christ Jesus; who have for my life laid down their own necks; unto whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles.’

Helpers, sunergous, fellow workers. It seems that they not only labored with the apostle, but incurred such perils for his sake as secured for them the thanks of all the Gentile churches.

With others, he salutes Mary, Junia and Julia.

‘Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labor in the Lord. Salute the beloved Persis, which labored much in the Lord.’ -Rom. 16:12.

In his comments on this verse, Dr. Clarke says:

We learn from this, that Christian women, as well as men, labored in the ministry of the word. Many have spent much useless labor in endeavoring to prove that these women did not preach. That there were some prophetesses as well as prophets in the Christian church, we learn; and that a woman might pray or proph¬esy, provided she had her head covered, we know; and that whoever prophesied spoke unto others to edification, exhortation, and comfort, St. Paul declares. -Cor. 14:3. And that no preacher can do more, every person must acknowledge; because to edify, exhort and comfort are the prime ends of the Gospel ministry. If women thus prophesied, then women preached. There is, however, much more than this implied in the Christian ministry, of which men only, and men called of God, are capable.

In this last sentence we see the power of prejudice even over so great and good a man as Dr. Clarke. What this ‘much more’ is, of which ‘men only are capable,’ he fails to tell us, and we are at a loss to imagine.

St. Paul himself then makes it clear that the two verses quoted above, in which he appears to forbid, in general terms, women to speak in meeting, or to teach, either in meeting or out, are not to be construed literally.

4. Peter says that in all of Paul's epistles are some things hard to be understood. -2 Pet. 3:15. Why not class among these things hard to be understood, what he says about women keeping silence in the churches, and conform our practice to what we find, in other passages, that women actually did in the apostolic church? We can see nothing wrong in such a course. Some churches that do not allow women to pray or testify in their public meetings, and others that permit her to go thus far, but do not allow her equal rights in the church with a man, pay no attention whatever to the prohibition of women to adorn themselves in gold, or pearls, or costly array. -1 Tim. 2:9.

5. But we think what he says about women keeping silence in the church may be satisfactorily explained. The connection in 1 Cor. 14:34 shows that the Apostle is speaking of disorder and confusion, and not of the right of women to preach. ‘For God is not the author of confusion.’ -v. 33. The man is commanded to be silent under certain circumstances. ‘But if there be no interpreter let him keep silence in the church.’ -v. 98.

Is the woman to be in subjection to proper authority? So is the man. ‘And the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets.’ -v. 32. Chrysostom, who lived in the fourth century, in his comment on 1 Cor. 14:34 throws light upon this subject.

“Having abated the disturbance both from the tongues, and from the prophesyings; and having made a law to prevent confusion, that they who prophesy should be silent when another begins; he next in course proceeds to the disorder which arose from the women, rooting out their unseasonable boldness of speech; and that very opportunely. For if to them that have the gifts it is not permitted to speak inconsiderately, nor when they will, and this though they be moved by the Spirit; much less to those women who prate idly and to no purpose. Therefore he represses their babbling and that with much authority, and taking the law along with him, thus he sews up their mouths; not simply exhorting here, or giving counsel, but he even laying his commands on them vehemently.”

Again, speaking of the behavior of women in the church, Chrysostom says: “There is apt to be great noise among them much clamor, and talking, and nowhere so much as in this place. They may all be seen here talking more than in the market, or at the bath. For, as if they came hither for recreation, they are all engaged in conversing upon unprofitable subjects. Thus all is confusion.”

The city of Corinth was the Paris of its day. The people were gay, giddy, devoted to pleasure. The Christian church in that city was composed of such of this people as had accepted Christ. The women admitted to the liberty of the Gospel, abused this liberty as the men also did. The larger part of this 14th chapter of 1 Corinthians is devoted to regulations for the men. When he speaks of women, it is, not in general terms, but your women, — the women that yield to the disorderly spirit that prevails among you. The prohibition (in the 34th verse) was local and temporary.

Timothy was laboring among churches composed chiefly of converts from heathenism. So when Paul says in his epistle to Timothy: ‘I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence,’ the words are evidently used in the same meaning as the similar words in Corinthians: When a woman is properly authorized to teach she does not usurp authority; the authority duly given her she has a right to exercise in a proper manner and within the proper limits.

We conclude this chapter with a saying that all must admit. The restrictions which we have been considering stand just as much in the way of a woman’s doing what the churches generally permit her to do — sing, or pray, or speak as they do in the way of her ordination.

We must either go back or we must go ahead.

We must either give her equal rights with men or we must reduce her to the servitude of by-gone ages. Either we must be governed by the Christian law of love and equity, or we must take a step back into barbarism and be governed by the law of brute force. Which shall it be?

The present position of the churches is not only wrong, but inconsistent. They concede to woman too much, if Paul’s words restricting her are taken literally; they concede too little, if these words are to be so understood as to harmonize with the rest of the Bible.

If woman, in using her voice in praising God, or declaring His truth, in your churches, is a transgressor, then silence her at whatever cost; if she is doing right then remove all shackles and give her the liberty of the Gospel.”